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THE  CATALOG 


BY 


HARRIET  E.  HOWE 


PREPRINT  OP 

MANUAL  OP  LIBRARY  ECONOMY 

CHAPTER  XIX 


ammcan  jUbrarp  association 

GTON  ST.,  CHICAGO 
1921 


Types  °* 

Libraries 


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i liters  and  Authors 


can  Library  ^History,"  Mb. 
II.    "  Library  of  Congress,"  Mb.  Bisi 
III.    "The  State  Library,"  Mr.  Wtei 
'  IV.    "The  College  and  University  Libr 
Priii 
' '  Proprietary-  and  Subscript]  i 

Printed. 
" The  Free  Public  Library,' 
VII.    "Th  School  Library,'3  ard. 

VIII     f,Sr»eci  tries."  Mr.  J<  i 


''Library  Legislation,"  Mr.  v 

I    "  Library  Building,"  Mr.  Ea  : 

i  re,  Fixtures,  and  Eq 

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XIX 

THE  CATALOG 

HARRIET  E.  HOWE 

Simmons  College  Library  School 

What  the  catalog  is 

Use  by  the  reference  and  lending  departments 

Use  by  the  order  department 

Use  by  the  reading  public 

The  form  of  the  catalog 

Printed  book  catalog 

Sheaf  catalog 

Catalog  made  from  slips 

Card  catalog 
The  kind  of  catalog 
The  dictionary  card  catalog 
A  "working  tool" 
A  catalog  for  the  community 
Subject  headings 

The  Library  of  Congress  lists 

The  A.  L.  A.  list 

Subjects  for  juvenile  catalogs 

Other  sources 

The  subject  authority  list 

Number  and  arrangement  in  the  catalog 
Printed  catalog  cards 
The  card  repertory 
Recent  cataloging  codes 
Equipment  for  the  card  catalog 

Labels 

Guides 

Appearance 
Organization  of  the  cataloging  department 
The  ideal  cataloger 
Bibliography 

What  the  Catalog  Is 

The  library  catalog  is  the  "open  sesame"  to  the  information 
locked  away  in  unexpected  places  by  publishers,  authors,  and 
the  makers  of  books.    It  makes  the  connection  between  the 


446391 


Ki  :•*?  :.-:;':':.: :  1&^U&  OF  LIBRARY  ECONOMY 


•  •    ••    •  • 


reader  and  the  books  he  wants,  even  if  the  author  has  used 
several  names,  pseudonymous  or  real,  in  his  literary  life.  It 
always  remembers  facts  once  intrusted  to  its  care,  never  allows 
them  to  lie  dormant  in  its  " subconscious,"  always  is  steady, 
self-reliant,  ready  for  service,  and  accurately  passes  on  to 
the  most  timid  seeker  the  information  which  it  possesses. 
The  treasures  desired  may  differ  for  each  comer,  but  the  "open 
sesame"  responds  to  the  summons  of  each.  The  first  band  to 
discover  its  possibilities  was  the  library  staff,  who  have  passed 
on  their  secret  to  all  inquirers,  but  who  yet  remain  its  chief 
beneficiaries. 

Use  by  the  Reference  and  Lending  Departments 

What  other  titles  by  this  author  are  in  the  library  ?  What 
books  of  this  series  do  we  have?  What  is  the  title  of  the 
American  edition  of  this  English  book  ?  What  are  the  latest 
books  on  this  subject  ?  Have  we  a  first  edition  of  this  book  ? 
What  samples  have  we  of  Rackham's  illustrations?  In  what 
collection  is  this  short  story  by  Kipling?  Have  we  a  book 
published  recently  on  this  subject,  the  author  and  title  not 
now  remembered  but  which  would  be  recognized  if  seen? 
Have  we  the  latest  report  of  the  Bureau  of  Education?  Is 
the  latest  volume  of  the  Atlantic  back  from  the  bindery  ?  Does 
the  library  have  this  musical  score  ?  These  are  typical  questions 
to  be  answered  from  the  catalog. 

The  librarian  should  know  the  answers  to  these  questions. 
The  "librarian,"  however,  is  not  always  the  same  person,  and 
while  one  assistant,  from  long  tenure  in  that  particular  library 
and  from  having  been  asked  often  for  the  same  books,  may 
develop  a  memory  which  is  phenomenally  accurate,  this  memory 
does  not  serve  the  possessor  himself  at  the  rush  moments,  nor 
does  it  help  the  new  assistant  or  the  substitute.  If  good 
service  can  be  given  to  the  public  only  when  this  one  memory 
is  in  the  building,  the  library  is  decidedly  weakened  in  its 


THE  CATALOG  3 

reputation.  Even  the  best  memory  is  apt  to  be  dulled  after 
a  strenuous  day  or  during  other  strains,  and  there  must  be 
some  recourse  to  an  authority  more  trustworthy  than  it,  or 
the  patron  will  be  disappointed  in  his  expectations. 

Use  by  the  Order  Department 

Money  for  book  purchases  is  saved  by  careful  cataloging, 
since  the  order  department  uses  this  record  to  see  whether  or 
not  a  book  requested  is  in  the  library  in  any  form.  Notes,  extra 
entries  made  for  changed  titles  of  either  books  or  magazines, 
entries  for  partial  titles,  references  for  changed  names,  the 
bibliographical  description  for  each  book,  full  analysis  of 
society  and  periodical  publications  not  otherwise  indexed,  save 
the  order  department  of  the  large  library  from  duplicating  in 
slightly  different  form,  material  already  owned  by  the  library. 
The  order  and  reference  departments  may  have  asked  that 
these  entries  be  made,  but  the  catalog  is  the  record  in  which 
they  have  been  entered. 

Use  by  the  Reading  Public 

The  readers,  especially  those  who  do  not  like  to  ask  ques- 
tions, may  use  the  catalog  to  find  their  own  answers,  provided 
they  know  how.  The  time  spent  in  showing  the  patron  how 
to  use  the  library  catalog  will  be  repaid  many  times  over  at 
rush  hours  and  even  in  the  ordinary  routine.  The  high-school 
graduate  entering  college  may  go  into  the  college  library  and 
find  things  for  himself,  if  he  has  been  taught  how  to  use  a 
library  catalog.  The  library  may  be  the  one  friendly  spot 
in  an  otherwise  new  environment,  because  there  he  does  not 
have  to  show  any  ignorance,  and  because  of  his  knowledge  he 
may  outdistance  his  less  fortunate  classmates.  The  college 
Freshman  who  said  that  he  was  "ashamed  to  ask"  how  to 
use  the  catalog,  nevertheless  did  ask  questions  which  took 
time  from  other  more  important  requests,  because  he  was 


4  MANUAL  OF  LIBRARY  ECONOMY 

helpless  in  this  one  matter.  If  the  high-school  graduate  does 
not  go  to  college,  such  knowledge  may  help  him  to  earn  his 
living,  to  increase  his  earning  capacity,  or  to  give  him  added 
interest  in  life  because  of  his  reading  for  pleasure  and  culture. 
He  can  help  himself  in  any  library  if  he  has  been  taught  to 
use  library  records. 

This  all  means  that  the  catalog  must  be  made  to  be  the 
tool,  not  only  of  the  librarian,  but  of  each  searcher  after  books. 
To  accomplish  this,  there  must  be,  not  just  a  recorder,  but  a 
pathfinder  and  guide  in  charge  of  the  making  of  the  catalog. 
"This  catalog  has  no  vision,"  has  been  said  too  truly  of  many 
catalogs,  but  it  should  have  been  phrased  "This  cataloger  had 
no  vision"  of  the  task  to  be  accomplished.  Without  this 
vision  the  library  service  perishes  just  as  truly  as  "the  people" 
in  the  proverb. 

The  Form  of  the  Catalog 

The  cataloger's  vision  takes  into  account  the  form  in  which 
the  catalog  is  to  be  presented,  a  printed  book  catalog,  a  sheaf 
catalog,  one  made  from  slips  mounted  in  a  book,  or  a  card 
catalog. 

The  printed  book  catalog. — The  arguments  in  favor  of 
the  printed  book  catalog  are  (a)  that  readers  like  this 
form,  as  books  are  more  familiar  and,  in  general,  the  arrange- 
ment on  the  page  is  more  easily  evident;  (b)  that  other 
libraries  (and  branch  libraries)  may  use  the  catalog  so 
printed  as  a  great  bibliographic  aid,  as,  for  example,  the 
British  Museum  catalog,  the  Peabody  Institute  catalog,  and 
its  supplement;  the  Pittsburgh  Carnegie  Library  classified 
catalog.  The  arguments  against  this  form  are  (a)  that  the 
list  is  never  up  to  date ;  (b)  that  many  copies  or  volumes  must 
be  available,  or  only  one  person  may  use  the  catalog  at  one 
time;  (c)  that  all  of  the  list  must  be  reprinted  each  time  to 
keep  it  in  one  arrangement,  or  many  supplements  must  be 


THE  CATALOG  5 

consulted  in  order  to  answer  even  the  two  prime  questions; 

(d)  that  mistakes  cannot  be  corrected  until  a  new  issue  has 
been  printed;  (e)  that  the  expense  is  prohibitive  at  present  to 
all  but  libraries  having  their  own  printing  establishments,  and 
even  to  some  of  them;  (/")  that  the  expense  will  continue  to  be 
prohibitive  unless  some  such  scheme  as  proposed  by  the  H.  W. 
Wilson  Company  can  be  perfected  whereby  the  cumulative 
principle  and  co-operation  can   be  applied  to  the  problem. 

The  sheaf  catalog. — The  arguments  in  favor  of  the  sheaf 
catalog,  which  is  used  chiefly  abroad,  are  so  fully  presented  in 
J.  D.  Stewart's  The  sheaf  catalog,  London,  1909,  that  no  more 
than  a  mention  is  necessary  here.  The  objections  are  (a) 
the  clumsy  form;  (b)  the  confusion  of  entries  which  may  be 
under  one  heading  if  one  leaf  is  used  for  more  than  one  item;  (c) 
new  entries  cannot  be  inserted  as  readily  as  in  a  card  catalog. 

The  catalog  made  from  slips. — The  catalog  made  of  slips 
pasted  into  a  book,  used  frequently  in  European  libraries,  does 
away  with  most  of  the  criticism  of  the  other  forms  of  book 
catalog,  but  the  following  objections  hold  (a)  that  it  is  clumsy; 
(b)  that  additions  are  not  readily  made  in  all  copies;  (c)  that 
the  size  of  volumes  makes  them  difficult  to  store  and  to  handle. 

The  card  catalog. — The  card  catalog  (a)  is  not  so  familiar 
in  form  to  the  older  readers;  (b)  needs  special  equipment  in 
which  to  file  it;  (c)  needs  much  more  space  for  recording  the 
books;  (d)  the  entries  may  be  misplaced  or  removed  by  mistake, 

(e)  cannot  be  used  so  readily  as  a  reference  aid  by  any  but 
the  local  library,  except  through  the  card  repertory  described 
later,  which  is  a  greater  bibliographic  aid,  when  available,  than 
the  printed  book,  because  the  card  repertory  may  be  kept  up 
to  date.  On  the  other  hand,  the  card  catalog  (a)  may  be 
kept  practically  up  to  date  by  the  cataloger  who  sees  the  need  for 
this  through  the  insertion  of  new  entries  at  once;  (b)  one  book  is 
listed  on  each  separate  card  so  that  insertions  into  the  list 
may  be  made  at  any  point;  (c)  corrections  may  be  made  at  once 


6  ANNUAL  OF  LIBRARY  ECONOMY 

by  the  removal  and  return  of  any  single  card,  there  being  no 
need  to  wait  until  the  whole  catalog  is  revised;  (d)  printed 
cards  for  books  may  be  bought  from  other  libraries  and  save  much 
time  at  the  local  institution,  e.g.,  the  Library  of  Congress  cards; 
(e)  the  card  catalog  may  be  used  for  any  one  of  the  different 
kinds  of  catalog  mentioned  below;  (/)  card  forms  introduced 
by  libraries  have  been  adopted  by  so  many  business  firms 
that  their  value  has  been  proved  from  the  monetary  stand- 
point as  well  as  the  efficiency  one. 

The  Kind  of  Catalog 
The  catalog  may  be  any  one  of  the  following  kinds,  according 
to  the  point  of  view  of  the  ones  in  charge — an  author  and  title 
catalog,  i.e.,  one  with  an  entry  under  each  author,  editor,  etc., 
and  also  under  each  title;  an  author  and  title  catalog  in  one  alpha- 
bet with  the  subject  catalog  in  another;  a  classed  catalog,  i.e., 
one  arranged  by  the  classification  scheme,  generally  with  an 
author  and  title  index,  if  in  book  form,  or  in  two  separate 
catalogs,  one  author  and  title,  and  the  other  the  subject  cata- 
log arranged  by  the  classification  number,  if  on  cards;  the 
alphabetico-classed  catalog,  an  alphabetic  subject  catalog  in 
which  the  subjects  are  grouped  by  broad  classes,  with  alphabetic 
subdivisions;  or  the  dictionary  catalog,  in  which  all  the  entries 
are  arranged  in  one  alphabet,  as  in  a  dictionary.  The  kinds 
of  catalogs  may  be  in  any  of  the  foregoing  forms  as,  e.g., 
the  Pittsburgh  Carnegie  Library  classified  catalog,  in  printed 
book  form,  and  the  dictionary  card  catalogs  used  by  the  main 
library  and  branches  of  that  institution,  printed  from  the  same 
slugs  as  used  for  the  book  catalog,  the  same  material  differ- 
ing in  kind  and  form. 

The  Dictionary  Card  Catalog 

The  dictionary  card  catalog  is  in  most  common  use  at 
present  in  America,  although  the  classed  catalog  still  is  found 
with  ardent  defenders.    The  dictionary  catalog  is  the  simplest 


THE  CATALOG  7 

and  most  useful  kind,  and  is  one  which  the  coming  generation 
of  library  patrons  will  use  with  ease  as  the  children  are  becom- 
ing accustomed  to  it  through  the  "catalog  games"  etc.,  taught 
by  the  children's  librarians.  In  the  dictionary  card  catalog 
the  general  arrangement  is  alphabetic  by  authors,  titles,  and 
subjects,  so  that  it  is  used  as  one  would  use  a  dictionary  or 
an  encyclopedia,  but  because  the  entries  have  to  cover  some 
very  complicated  points  there  are  many  variations  from  an 
absolute  letter-by-letter  alphabeting.  Filing  cards  into  this 
catalog  is  one  of  the  tasks  over  which  the  cataloger  without 
vision  spends  too  little  time.  It  is  easy  enough  to  decide  that 
such  and  such  a  card  is  properly  made,  but  if  the  maker  must 
place  the  card  satisfactorily  in  the  catalog  the  entry  may  be 
changed  materially.  The  cataloger  aiming  for  a  "  workable 
tool"  sees  to  it  that  someone  who  thoroughly  understands 
filing  has  charge  of  this  work,  knowing  that  no  work  gives  more 
satisfaction  to  the  user  than  a  catalog  filed  by  an  intelligent, 
highly  efficient  cataloger.  The  obvious  lack  in  the  dictionary 
catalog,  as  ordinarily  made  without  form  subject  headings,  is 
corrected  by  a  public  shelf  list  where  the  groupings  by  classi- 
fication number  bring  the  books  of  one  form  of  literature,  for 
example,  together  and  near  to  other  allied  subjects.  This 
public  shelf  list  need  not  be  a  duplicate  of  the  official  one,  but 
such  a  list,  arranged  by  classification  number,  giving  author, 
title,  date,  and  number  of  volumes,  will  aid  the  reference  and 
circulation  departments. 

A  "Working  Tool" 

The  cataloger  can  gain  a  vision  of  the  catalog  in  use  if  he 
is  allowed  for  certain  hours  of  the  day  to  make  it  answer  the 
questions  put  to  him  by  the  public.  The  light  thrown  on  the 
weak  spots  will  tend  to  change  them  quickly  into  strong  spots. 
If  this  personal  attendance  cannot  be  arranged,  the  next  best 
vision  is  gained  through  the  eyes  of  the  reference,  lending, 


8  MANUAL  OF  LIBRARY  ECONOMY 

order,  and  other  special  departments  whose  assistants  must 
depend  upon  the  catalog.  "But  the  readers  are  asking  for 
Wireless  telegraphy,  not  Telegraphy,  Wireless."  "  They  all  ask 
for  Mrs.  Humphry  Ward."  "The  requests  come  for  Clemens." 
"This  title  although  not  distinctive  has  been  called  for 
several  times  recently,  and  there  is  no  title-card."  "There 
is  no  real  series  for  these  books,  but  may  they  not  be  listed 
somewhere,  as  several  readers  have  asked  for  others  of  the 
same  character  when  returning  one."  "This  book  has  just 
been  issued  under  a  new  title."  "This  one  needs  an  extra 
author  entry,  with  the  second  title  used,  as  I  nearly  answered 
'No'  over  the  telephone  for  lack  of  the  card."  All  of  these 
eye-openers  are  appreciated  by  the  catalogers  of  vision,  who 
see  a  "working  tool"  as  their  goal. 

A  Catalog  for  the  Community 

This  vision  also  means  a  catalog  for  the  community  using 
it,  not  a  standardized  catalog  which  may  be  dropped  into  any 
library  and  prove  satisfactory  for  any  community.  The  schol- 
arly or  specialized  library,  for  example,  usually  has  many 
questions  as  to  editions — is  it  an  authentic,  or  a  spurious,  a 
first,  or  a  reprint  edition — which  only  minute  detail  of  descrip- 
tion can  make  clear,  or  at  least  aid  in  the  solution.  For  such 
libraries,  then,  minute  details  are  necessary,  and  all  biblio- 
graphic resources  must  be  consulted  and  all  clues  followed  in 
order  to  make  sure  that  the  decision  is  justified.  Hence  in 
recording  the  books  such  facts  as  are  essential  to  differentiate 
the  edition  at  hand  from  all  others  must  be  given  or  all  this 
research  work  is  lost  or  at  least  is  not  permanently  available. 
The  library  in  question  may  be  a  small  or  a  large  one,  but  the 
type  of  cataloging  should  be  governed  by  the  needs  of  that 
institution,  not  by  its  size.  The  larger  public  library  may 
decide  that  certain  classes  of  books  require  very  simple  descrip- 
tion and  other  classes  a  more  elaborate  treatment,  but  that 


THE  CATALOG  9 

since  the  cards  ultimately  are  filed  in  one  list  the  author  head- 
ings must  be  kept  the  same  for  each  author,  regardless  of  the 
class  of  literature.  This  decision  reached,  some  compromise 
may  be  necessary  in  entering  the  author  who  uses,  for  example, 
one  form  of  name  for  his  fiction  and  another  for  his  other 
writings.  Here  the  cataloger  welcomes  the  suggestions  of  his 
fellow-workers  or  is  thankful  for  his  own  experience  in  dealing 
with  questions  from  the  public.  Common  sense  must  dictate 
whether  the  cataloger  shall  strive  to  show  his  full  knowledge 
of  an  author's  life-history  by  the  author  heading  used,  or  to 
give  as  much  information  as  the  intelligent  user  of  this  parti- 
cular catalog  needs.  The  decision  made  for  the  scholarly 
library  may  be  directly  opposite  from  that  made  by  the  same 
cataloger  for  another  type  of  library,  and  yet  each  decision 
may  be  correct  for  the  library  concerned. 

To  create  this  vision  of  the  catalog  for  the  particular 
locality,  the  cataloger  in  the  large  library  may  call  for  an 
expression  of  opinion  as  to  the  fulness  of  description  needed 
by  the  order  department,  by  the  circulating  department,  by 
the  reference  department,  by  any  special  departments,  by  the 
public  as  seen  through  the  eyes  of  these  department  representa- 
tives, and  make  a  decision  based  on  these  opinions.  The  forms 
thus  decided  upon  would  express  the  best  thought  of  all  workers 
in  that  library,  and  a  better  understanding  of  the  catalog  and 
its  use  would  be  engendered  in  the  staff.  The  Library  of 
Congress  cards  would  be  used,  probably,  so  far  as  they  were 
available,  the  decision  mentioned  above  being  for  those  books 
for  which  no  Library  of  Congress  cards  could  be  obtained.  In 
the  smaller  library,  not  of  the  special  or  scholarly  type,  the 
same  kind  of  decision  might  be  requested,  but  here  the  amount 
of  necessary  detail  certainly  would  be  much  less,  because  the 
questions  to  be  answered  would  be  quite  different  in  scope. 
The  Library  of  Congress  cards  could  be  used  here  also,  but 
the  manuscript  cards  could  be  much  simpler  than  the  one 


10  MANUAL  OF  LIBRARY  ECONOMY 

adopted  in  the  larger  library.  The  village  public  library  needs 
a  very  simple  author  card,  bearing  a  statement  of  authorship 
with  no  elaboration  of  full  names,  a  short  title,  brief  imprint, 
and  brief,  if  any,  collation;  an  entry  under  the  distinctive 
title;  and  as  many  subject  entries  as  the  books  and  the  time 
available  for  such  work  warrant.  Thus  the  vision  of  the 
cataloger  must  be  wide  enough  to  take  in  all  aspects  of  the 
local  problem,  and  not  be  limited  by  the  problem  just  finished 
or  another  yet  to  come. 

Subject  Headings 

Having  decided  upon  the  items  to  be  used  to  describe  the 
books  when  cataloged,  and  on  the  policy  of  the  library  in  regard 
to  the  rules  for  author  headings,  the  cataloger  has  other 
problems  to  attack.  The  chief  one  is  in  regard  to  the  number 
and  the  kind  of  subject  headings  to  be  used.  The  best  tools  for 
this  work  are: 

U.S.  Library  of  Congress.  Subject  headings  used  in  the 
dictionary  catalogs  of  the  Library  of  Congress;  second  edition, 
1919. — This  list,  as  its  title  indicates,  was  made  for  that 
library  and  has  been  developed  as  the  work  of  recataloging 
there  has  been  completed.  It  is  still  incomplete,  but  has  many 
of  the  newer  topics,  has  more  and  better  headings  than  the  A.L.  A. 
in  some  instances,  for  example,  for  science  and  useful  arts. 
Since  it  was  worked  out  for  the  large,  scholarly,  reference 
library,  it  meets  the  needs  of  other  such  institutions  much 
better  than  does  the  A.L. A.  list,  planned  as  it  is  for  the  "  moder- 
ately large  public  library."  The  Library  of  Congress  list 
gives  copious  notes  in  explanation  of  some  doubtful  headings 
in  order  to  delimit  their  scope  and  in  most  cases  also  gives  the 
Library  of  Congress  classification  number,  a  factor  of  great 
value  to  all  users  of  that  scheme  of  classification.  The  chief 
disadvantage  of  this  list  is  the  lack  of  a  grouping  of  the  "see" 
and  "see  also"  references  needed  for  each  heading,  for,  although 


THE  CATALOG  II 

the  "see"  references  are  made,  they  appear  in  their  alphabetic 
place  only,  and  are  not  given  under  the  heading  to  which  they 
refer,  as  they  are  in  the  A.L.A.  List  of  subject  headings.  This 
lack  may  lead  to  the  omission  of  "see"  references  by  the 
inexpert  cataloger,  to  the  great  detriment  of  the  catalog,  since 
the  lack  of  these  references  leads  to  numberless  mistakes  and 
endless  confusion.  The  "see  also"  references  are  usually 
indicated  under  the  heading  referred  from,  but  are  not  given 
in  the  other  cases.  Other  lists  published  by  the  Library  of 
Congress,  sent  free  to  owners  of  the  second  edition  or  sold  for 
a  small  fee  to  others,  may  be  used  to  advantage  in  most 
libraries:  First  supplement  to  the  second  edition,  April,  iQ2i; 
Literature  subject  headings,  with  list  for  Shakespeare  collections, 
and  language  subject  headings,  fourth  edition,  1Q20;  Subject 
headings  with  local  subdivisions,  third  edition,  1Q20;  Subject 
subdivisions,  fifth  edition,  1920. 

American  Library  Association.  List  of  subject  headings  for 
use  in  dictionary  catalogs,  third  edition,  ign. — This  list  is  an 
older  publication  which  should  be  revised  at  once  because  it 
lacks  the  newer  topics,  but  for  the  headings  included  it  is  a 
very  satisfactory  tool,  particularly  because  of  its  arrangement. 
Under  each  heading  are  given  the  cross-references  necessary 
to  connect  that  heading  with  others  allied  to  it,  including  both 
the  "see  also"  and  the  "see"  references.  The  latter  are 
given  in  the  "Refer  from"  column,  marked  by  an  5  follow- 
ing each,  and  were  determined  according  to  the  principles 
given  years  ago  by  C.  A.  Cutter  in  his  Rules  for  a  dictionary 
catalog.  The  headings  themselves  were  chosen  after  many 
experiments  carried  on  in  a  number  of  libraries  to  determine 
"what  the  public  wants,"  being  taken  from  those  used  by  the 
Library  of  Congress,  the  John  Crerar  Library,  Columbia 
University  Library,  Nebraska  University  Library,  Northwestern 
University  Library,  and  the  public  libraries  of  Brooklyn,  Buffalo, 
Chicago,  Cleveland,  Dayton,  and  Pittsburgh.    The  list  is  not  a 


12  MANUAL  OF  LIBRARY  ECONOMY 

theoretical  one,  nor  one  developed  to  meet  the  needs  of  any 
one  institution,  but  is  one  that  expresses  the  opinions  of  library 
workers  from  various  sections  of  the  country. 

Mann,  Margaret.  Subject  headings  for  use  in  dictionary 
catalogs  of  juvenile  books,  igi6. — This  list  is  planned  to  make 
possible  the  use  of  the  catalog  by  children  themselves,  suggest- 
ing as  it  does  simpler  terms  and  ones  more  familiar  to  the  child 
than  those  used  for  the  adult  catalog.  There  are  several  pages  in 
this  list  devoted  to  the  problems  of  making  a  catalog  of  juvenile 
books,  emphasizing  the  subject  side  of  the  catalog,  and  giving 
definitions  of  terms  which  may  cause  confusion. 

Other  sources  for  subject  headings. — The  three  authorities 
mentioned  may  be  used  as  the  chief  tools,  but  when  the  two 
lists  for  adult  books  differ,  which  heading  shall  be  chosen? 
When  neither  list  has  any  heading  that  covers  a  new  topic,  what 
other  reference  books  shall  be  used  as  guides  ?  Shall  the  head- 
ings recommended  in  the  basic  authorities  always  be  accepted 
as  final  authority,  or  may  the  local  institution,  for  instance, 
follow  local  usage  in  some  cases  concerning  local  products? 
The  Reader's  Guide  to  Periodical  Literature,  and  other  periodical 
indexes,  must  make  decisions  on  new  subjects  long  before  the 
same  kind  of  material  appears  in  book  form.  The  Cumulative 
Book  Index  follows  the  Library  of  Congress  headings  in  the 
main,  but  not  entirely,  as,  for  example,  the  headings  under 
the  European  war  which  differ  somewhat.  One  advantage  in 
using  the  Cumulative  Book  Index  as  a  tool  is  that  books  about 
the  subject  are  given  under  the  heading,  making  its  scope 
evident.  Also  the  number  of  books  listed  there  or  in  the 
United  States  Catalog  gives  an  indication  of  the  possible  number 
that  may  be  ordered  for  the  library,  and  helps  to  determine 
whether  or  not  subheadings  to  the  general  heading  should  be 
introduced  at  once.  The  Booklist  often  follows  the  Library 
of  Congress  headings  in  cases  of  conflict  and  indicates  many 
analytic  headings  in  addition.    The  printed  cards  issued  by 


THE  CATALOG  13 

the  Library  of  Congress  give  in  most  cases  the  subject  headings 
used  for  the  books  in  its  catalog,  and  these  headings  may  be 
used  as  guides,  but  cannot  be  followed  without  question  because 
there  have  been  many  changes  in  policy  from  the  early  to  the 
present  days,  and  many  inconsistencies  would  result  if  the 
headings  given  were  adopted  without  comparison  with  decis- 
ions already  reached  in  any  local  library.  Fortescue,  G.  K. 
(editor)  Subject  index  of  the  modem  works  added  to  the  library 
of  the  British  Museum,  1 901-10.  1906-n.  2V.,  may  also  be 
consulted,  but  because  of  the  different  terminology  used  it 
will  not  be  of  great  service  in  the  choice  of  the  definite  headings 
to  be  used.  Recent  textbooks  on  the  subject  help  to  establish 
the  terminology  in  current  use  among  the  students  of  the  sub- 
ject, and  dictionaries  and  encyclopedias  may  be  used  to  advan- 
tage. In  cases  of  doubt  after  all  the  evidence  is  in,  the  cata- 
loger's  chief  aid  will  be  the  consensus  of  opinion  of  those  in  the 
library  who  are  most  concerned  with  the  decision.  Theory 
and  practice  should  meet  here  as  well  as  in  the  other  cases 
mentioned. 

The  subject  authority  list. — Headings  once  decided  upon 
must  be  recorded  in  some  way  so  that  the  same  form  shall  be 
used  for  all  other  books  on  the  same  topic.  A  list  of  headings 
on  cards  seems  best  for  the  large  library,  or,  instead  of  the 
card  list,  the  A.L.A.  List  of  subject  headings  should  be  checked 
and  annotated  in  the  smaller  library.  The  "see"  references 
mentioned  above  should  be  made  for  this  card  authority  list  as 
well  as  for  the  catalog  itself  in  the  larger  library,  or  they  should 
be  checked  in  the  A.L.A.  list  in  the  smaller  library,  as  consistency 
on  this  point  means  a  long  step  toward  the  ideal  catalog. 

Number  and  arrangement  of  subject  headings. — As  the 
catalog  grows  there  may  be  need  for  subheadings  under  a 
general  heading,  and  the  cataloger  must  exercise  great  care  to 
see  that  all  books  in  the  library  on  the  new  subject  are  brought 
together  under  it.    The  assistant  in  charge  of  filing  cards  into 


14  MANUAL  OF  LIBRARY  ECONOMY 

the  catalog  should  keep  a  sharp  eye  on  all  new  subheads,  to 
see  that  this  work  has  been  done. 

When  the  list  of  books  under  one  definite  heading,  for 
which  no  subheadings  can  be  made,  grows  unwieldy  in  size, 
the  arrangement  of  the  cards  may  be  changed,  guides  outlining 
the  arrangement  may  be  inserted,  and  the  list  be  much 
improved.  The  subject  may  be  one  for  which  recent  books 
are  in  demand,  hence  an  arrangement  bringing  such  books 
together  may  be  advisable.  Other  special  demands  for  material 
may  be  met  in  the  same  way,  and  thus  the  speed  in  locating 
material  be  increased. 

The  number  of  subject  headings  and  of  analytics  for  subjects 
must  be  decided  by  the  general  policy  of  the  library,  but,  as 
this  is  by  far  the  most  important  phase  of  the  catalog,  as  many 
specific  headings  as  are  warranted  by  the  book  and  as  full 
analysis  as  may  be  possible  in  the  time  allotment  of  the  cataloger 
should  be  the  aim.  If  form  subject  headings  for  literature  are 
not  used,  general  references  should  be,  and  the  public  shelf  list 
before  mentioned  substituted  for  the  headings. 

Printed  Catalog  Cards 

The  printed  cards  from  the  Library  of  Congress,  already 
mentioned,  may  be  purchased  for  adaptation  and  use  by  other 
libraries.  This  is  one  of  the  most  satisfying  pieces  of  co- 
operative cataloging  ever  attempted,  making  the  expert  catalog- 
ing of  the  national  library  available  all  over  the  country,  for  a 
comparatively  small  cost.  The  price  of  the  cards  has  been 
raised  recently,  but  still  is  less  than  the  cost  would  be  if  such 
cataloging  were  done  by  the  local  staff.  Two  guides  to  the 
purchase  and  use  of  these  cards  are  furnished  by  the  Library  of 
Congress:  its  Handbook  of  card  distribution  (a  new  edition 
being  in  process  of  publication)  and  its  Library  of  Congress 
printed  cards,  how  to  order  and  use  them.  Mention  has  been 
made  of  the  subject  headings  suggested  on  the  cards,  which, 


THE  CATALOG  15 

with  the  Library  of  Congress  classification  number,  give  valu- 
able information  regarding  the  subjects  treated  in  the  books. 
On  the  majority  of  the  cards  the  other  secondary  entries  are 
indicated  also.  These  cards  may  be  used,  so  far  as  available, 
and  filed  into  a  catalog  containing  cards  differing  in  form  and 
fulness  of  description,  without  any  confusion  on  the  part  of  the 
user  of  the  catalog,  if  the  author  headings  only  are  kept  uniform 
for  all  entries.  This  may  mean,  for  those  cases  where  the  prac- 
tice differs,  the  crossing  out  of  the  heading  on  the  Library  of 
Congress  card  and  the  substitution  of  the  form  used  locally.  The 
saving  in  time  at  the  local  library,  the  uniformity  of  appearance, 
and  the  exactness  of  description  all  tend  to  account  for  the 
increasing  use  of  these  cards.  Printed  cards  may  be  purchased 
from  other  libraries  also,  but  the  scope  of  no  other  one  stock  is 
at  all  commensurate  with  that  of  the  Library  of  Congress,  the 
entries  being  usually  for  those  books  for  which  the  Library  of 
Congress  cards  are  not  available.  The  Library  of  Congress  has 
increased  its  stock  by  printing,  for  about  130  other  libraries, 
cards  for  books  not  in  the  Library  of  Congress,  and  also  by 
printing  cards  for  some  of  the  departments  of  the  government 
for  all  of  their  books. 

About  thirty  publishing  firms  are  using  printed  catalog 
cards  for  advertising  purposes.  These  cards  vary  greatly  in 
style  and  information,  only  four  using  a  form  and  a  quality  of 
card  stock  that  are  acceptable  for  a  library  catalog.  The  best 
ones  are  from  Dodd,  Mead  and  Company,  Ginn  and  Company, 
Harvard  University  Press,  and  the  Oxford  University  Press.  A 
"new  service  to  librarians"  has  been  established  by  Longmans, 
Green  and  Company,  in  which  they  agree  to  send  with  any  of 
their  publications  the  necessary  Library  of  Congress  catalog 
cards.  Many  libraries  have  been  accustomed  to  receive  their 
Library  of  Congress  cards  considerably  in  advance  of  the  books, 
so  that  this  " new  service"  is  not  so  good  as  that  already  enjoyed. 
However,  the  service  may  be  more  prompt  for  libraries  that 


1 6  MANUAL  OF  LIBRARY  ECONOMY 

usually  await  the  arrival  of  the  books  before  ordering  their 
cards. 

The  American  Library  Association  Publishing  Board  for 
a  number  of  years  published  from  copy  furnished  by  a  group 
of  libraries  analytical  cards  for  certain  sets  and  series.  These 
cards  were  discontinued  in  1919,  the  entries  since  that  time 
being  incorporated  in  one  of  the  periodical  indexes. 

The  Card  Repertory 

Among  the  American  libraries  which  print  catalog  cards  are 
the  following:  The  John  Crerar  Library,  Chicago,  Harvard 
University  Library,  the  University  of  Chicago  Library,  the 
Boston  Public  Library,  the  New  York  Public  Library,  and  the 
Carnegie  Library  of  Pittsburgh.  Cards  are  not  for  sale  to 
other  libraries  from  the  public  libraries  mentioned,  but  cards 
from  all  of  them  (except  the  Carnegie  Library  of  Pittsburgh) 
and,  in  addition,  cards,  either  printed  or  multigraphed,  from 
the  royal  libraries  of  Berlin  and  The  Hague,  the  libraries  of 
the  University  of  California,  the  University  of  Illinois,  the 
University  of  Michigan,  Johns  Hopkins  University,  the  Cleve- 
land Public  Library,  and  the  Newberry  Library,  Chicago,  as 
well  as  the  cards  printed  by  the  Library  of  Congress  for  the 
government  libraries  in  the  District  of  Columbia  and  for  the 
American  libraries  outside  the  District,  are  included  in  the  Union 
catalog  at  the  Library  of  Congress,  making  a  list  of  great  value 
to  the  worker  in  his  search  for  a  title  not  available  in  the 
National  Library. 

"Complete  sets  of  the  printed  catalog  cards  issued  by  the 
Library  of  Congress  are  being  deposited  in  certain  of  the  larger 
libraries  for  the  following  purposes : 

"1.  To  enable  investigators  to  ascertain  whether  a  given 
work  is  in  the  Library  of  Congress . 

"2.  To  promote  bibliographical  work. 


THE  CATALOG  17 

"3.  To  enable  the  depository  library  and  other  libraries 
in  its  vicinity  to  order  cards  by  number. " 

Forty-eight  libraries  now  have  such  sets,  author  entries 
only.  Some  of  them  have  subscribed  to  cards  from  the  other 
sources  mentioned  above,  and  after  using  some  symbol  to 
distinguish  each  library  have  filed  all  of  these  cards  in  one 
list  in  order  to  locate  books  not  available  locally,  which  may 
be  borrowed  through  interlibrary  loans.  This  card  repertory 
is  one  of  the  greatest  bibliographical  aids  possessed  by  any 
library,  and  the  idea  should  be  developed  as  far  as  possible. 

Recent  Cataloging  Codes 

A  list  of  the  more  recent  codes  of  cataloging  rules  is  given 
in  the  bibliography.  The  rules  for  entry  do  not  differ  as  much 
as  might  be  expected,  although  the  Catalog  rules  ....  com- 
piled by  Committees  of  the  A.L.A.  and  the  L.A.  changed  the 
practice  for  a  number  of  headings.  The  British  and  American 
rules  are  not  at  great  variance,  as  is  shown  by  the  few  excep- 
tions to  the  American  rules  indicated  in  this  joint  code.  Mash's 
comparison  of  the  Cutter  rules  with  the  A.L.A.  and  L.A.  code 
in  his  Cataloguing  codes,  1914,  is  helpful  in  locating  differences 
in  practice.  Brown  and  Quinn  are  almost  as  likely  to  disagree 
with  each  other  as  to  disagree  with  the  Anglo-American  rules. 
The  British  association  is  asking  for  a  new  edition  of  this  code 
but  whether  from  dissatisfaction  with  the  spirit  or  the  letter 
of  the  rules  is  not  known. 

Equipment  for  the  Card  Catalog 

The  mechanical  equipment  for  the  card  catalog  needs  atten- 
tion, as  it  must  be  arranged  in  a  cabinet  of  trays  and  properly 
placed  as  to  lighting,  etc.,  so  that  each  card  may  be  read  easily. 
A  cabinet  large  enough  to  provide  room  for  normal  growth 
should  be  chosen,  the  unit  case  being  expensive  but  most 
satisfactory  from  this  viewpoint.    The  cases  should  not  be 


1 8  MANUAL  OF  LIBRARY  ECONOMY 

built  too  high  nor  allowed  to  extend  down  too  near  to  the  floor. 
Each  tray  may  be  protected  by  a  " break"  at  the  back  which 
will  prevent  it  from  being  pulled  out  unless  the  user  wishes  to 
remove  it  for  further  consultation. 

Labels. — Each  tray  must  be  well  labeled  with  sufficient 
information  that  a  quick  decision  as  to  its  contents  may  be 
possible  and  its  return  to  its  proper  place  may  be  expedited. 
In  deciding  upon  the  words  or  letters  to  be  used,  care  should 
be  taken  to  divide  the  contents  of  the  trays  in  such  a  way  that 
the  statement  on  the  labels  may  be  succinct  and  definite,  may 
accurately  delimit  the  contents  of  each  tray.  The  trays  also 
may  be  numbered  and  labels  of  different  colors  may  be  used  to 
distinguish  different  sections  if  the  catalog  is  a  large  one. 
Large  label-holders  are  an  advantage  for  this  purpose,  and 
gummed  letters  may  be  used  as  they  are  easily  adjusted, 
uniform,  and  legible.  The  labels  may  be  shellacked  or  an 
isin-glass  strip  used  to  protect  them. 

Guides. — In  the  catalog  there  should  be  many  guides,  one 
of  them  in  each  tray  giving  simple  instructions  about  how  to  use 
the  catalog.  This  guide  seems  more  satisfactory  if  placed  near 
the  middle  of  the  tray,  for,  if  it  is  at  the  back  and  the  tray  is 
not  removed  from  the  case,  the  guide  is  often  not  visible,  and 
again,  if  at  the  front,  it  falls  forward  as  the  tray  is  pulled  out, 
with  the  same  result.  The  other  guides  are  to  call  attention  to 
important  items  in  each  tray,  not  necessarily  to  show  just 
where  one  letter  ends  and  another  begins,  so  that  they  should 
be  carefully  chosen  in  reference  to  a  particular  catalog.  For 
this  reason  most  of  the  sets  of  printed  guides  offered  by  the 
trade  have  proved  unsatisfactory  for  the  larger  library,  as 
they  often  omit  needed  items  and  include  unused  names  and 
headings.  One  good  scheme  for  guides  is  the  use  of  the  right- 
hand  side  of  the  tray  for  subject  headings  and  of  the  left-hand 
side  for  authors,  choosing  two  harmonious  colors,  and  provid- 
ing a  third  color  for  subheadings.     This  scheme  eliminates  some 


THE  CATALOG  19 

long  and  complicated  wordings  and  thoroughly  opens  up  to 
the  sight  the  general  scheme  of  arrangement.  This  is  a  distinct 
aid  in  many  of  the  complicated  portions,  as  those  under  Shake- 
speare, or  the  United  States,  etc.  Even  with  this  scheme, 
however,  explanations  of  arrangement  add  much  to  the  quick- 
ness and  ease  of  consultation.  Shellacked  or  celluloided  guides 
are  best  but  most  expensive.  Good  guides  have  changed  many 
a  catalog,  otherwise  well  made,  from  an  unused  record  to  one 
consulted  frequently  and  freely  by  all  comers. 

Appearance. — The  watchful  care  of  the  cataloger  is  needed 
so  that  the  equipment,  both  cases  and  cards,  may  be  kept  in 
good  physical  and  sanitary  condition.  The  cases  and  hardware 
should  be  kept  clean,  and  any  cards  showing  signs  of  deteriora- 
tion, whether  from  constant  handling  or  from  accidents,  should 
be  replaced  at  once.  This  latter  is  easily  done  since  the  fresh 
cards  may  be  inserted  as  soon  as  the  need  for  them  is  discovered, 
a  distinct  advantage  over  the  printed  book  catalog.  The 
stock,  thickness,  and  size  of  cards  to  be  used  in  a  card  catalog 
have  been  so  standardized  that  no  discussion  of  these  points 
seems  necessary  here. 

Organization  of  the  Cataloging  Department 

The  organization  of  the  cataloging  department  has  been 
discussed  by  Mr.  Bishop  in  his  Practical  handbook  of  modern 
library  cataloging,  and  by  Miss  Sears  in  her  paper  read  before 
the  Catalog  Section  at  the  Louisville  conference.  The  organ- 
ization of  this  department  affects  the  catalog  as  a  tool  much 
more  than  is  generally  realized.  The  relation  of  the  department 
to  other  departments,  the  relation  of  the  members  of  the  staff 
to  each  other,  the  equipment  of  the  quarters,  make  or  mar  the 
work  accomplished  by  the  best  prepared  personnel.  This  chapter 
already  has  indicated  some  of  the  ways  in  which  the  catalog 
reflects  the  relation  of  the  department  to  other  departments. 
In  regard  to  the  mutual  relations  of  the  department  staff,  the 


20  MANUAL  OF  LIBRARY  ECONOMY 

articles  mentioned  have  set  forth  the  general  principles,  but 
two  points  may  be  emphasized  here. 

There  are  two  parts  to  cataloging,  the  one  mechanical  and 
the  other  mental.  These  two  parts  still  are  intermingled  in 
many  departments,  to  the  disadvantage  of  the  assistant  who 
has  good  book  sense  but  no  aptitude  or  desire  for  manual 
labor.  The  duplication  of  cards  can  be  done  by  high-school 
students  or  even  by  those  with  less  education  when  once  the 
cataloging  decisions  are  reached.  An  expert  stenographer  work- 
ing a  few  hours  a  day  can  type  the  cards  for  three  good  cata- 
loged, while  an  inexpert  one  may  do  more  than  the  typing  for 
one  cataloger.  This  means  proofreading  of  the  typist's  work, 
but  all  cards  typed  should  be  proofread  so  that  there  is  no 
extra  time  spent  on  this  work,  and  the  unit  card,  the  use  of 
the  printed  card,  of  the  multigraph,  and  the  flexotype  cut 
down  the  proofreading  needed.  The  small  library  can  use  this 
division  of  labor  to  great  advantage,  since  young  people  learn 
cataloging  forms  very  readily  and  the  time  taken  to  teach 
them  is  well  worth  while  financially,  besides  releasing  for  other 
service  the  trained  assistant  now  doing  the  manual  work. 
Until  the  Utopian  day  of  centralization  of  the  ordering,  catalog- 
ing, and  preparation  for  the  shelves  of  books  bought  for  small 
libraries,  this  suggestion  may  prove  helpful.  The  assistants 
in  the  branches  of  large  systems  probably  feel  that  there  are 
disadvantages  yet  to  be  overcome  even  in  the  lauded  centralized 
system. 

The  chief  cataloger  must  take  into  consideration  the 
professional  development  of  each  of  his  assistants.  Properly 
planned  by  the  chief,  the  cataloging  problems  presented  will 
tax  the  ingenuity,  quicken  the  resourcefulness,  pique  the  mental 
curiosity,  and  increase  the  capacity  for  accomplishment  in  the 
properly  prepared  assistant.  A  broad  scope  for  work,  sufficient 
salary,  and  comfortable  quarters  will  help  to  make  the  ideal 
cataloger  a  possibility  in  every  library. 


THE  CATALOG  21 

The  Ideal  Cataloger 

The  catalog  department  is  not  the  place  for  all  workers, 
since  it  does  require  ability  in  many  different  fields,  linguistic, 
executive,  pedagogic,  artistic,  bibliographic,  psychologic,  and 
social.  Linguistic  speaks  for  itself;  executive,  because  the 
work  must  be  planned  even  for  a  small  group,  or  for  the  solitary 
worker;  pedagogic,  for  the  benefit  of  the  untrained  worker 
almost  always  present;  artistic,  in  order  to  see  why  the  catalog 
cards  do  or  do  not  "look  right ";  bibliographic,  to  insure 
accuracy  without  undue  strain;  psychologic,  to  feel  the  pulse 
of  the  situation  in  the  department,  the  library,  and  the  com- 
munity; and  social,  to  apply  the  knowledge  thus  gained  to  the 
human  or  abstract  problems  presented,  and  thus  to  make 
possible  a  catalog  worthy  of  the  library  which  is  a  social 
agency  in  the  community.  Some  librarians  have  some  of  these 
abilities,  few  have  all,  so  that  few  perfectly  equipped  recruits  can 
be  found  to  fill  the  vacancies  occurring.  Promotions  from  the 
department  are  inevitable  because  cataloging  under  proper 
conditions  develops  initiative,  executive  ability,  book  knowl- 
edge, resourcefulness,  and  prepares  a  well-grounded,  more 
intelligent  worker  for  the  headship  of  another  department  or 
of  a  library.  Some  of  the  strongest  chief  librarians  of  the 
country  are  former  catalogers,  so  that  cataloging  may  be  at 
the  same  time  stimulating  to  the  worker  and  a  means  to  an 
end  in  professional  advancement. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 

General 

Bay,  J.  C.    Inspiration  through  cataloging.    Library  Journal,  1916, 

41:547-51;  A.L.A.  Bulletin,  1916,  10:237-41. 
Bishop,  W.  W.    Cataloging  as  an  asset.    1916. 

Practical  handbook  of  modern  library  cataloging.     1914. 

Two  unsolved  problems  in  library  work.    Library  Journal, 

1912,37:7-11. 


22  MANUAL  OF  LIBRARY  ECONOMY 

Currier,  T.  F.    Reorganizing  a  card  catalog.    Library  Journal,  1916, 

41 :  708. 
Hanson,  J.  C.  M.    The  subject  catalogs  of  the  Library  of  Congress. 

A.L.A.  Bulletin,  1909,  3:385-97. 
Keogh,  Andrew.    Catalogs  and  catalogers.    A.L.A.  Bulletin,  1908, 

2:360-61. 
Miller,  Z.  K.    How  to  organize  a  library.    [C1921].    pp.  20-30. 
Pettee,  Julia.    Wanted — Catalogers.    Library  Journal,    192 1,   46: 

543-45- 
Raney,  M.  L.    The  multigraph  and  the  flexotype  in  cataloging  work. 

Library  Journal,  1911,  36:629-32. 
Roden,  C.  B.    Thoughts  on  reference  librarians,  by  a  cataloger- 

A.L.A  Bulletin,  1908,  2:361-70. 
Sears,  M.  E.    The  organization  of  a  cataloging  department.    A.L.A . 

Bulletin,  1917,  11:207-11,  341-43. 
Symposium  on  printed  catalog  cards.    Library  Journal,  191 1,  36: 

543-56. 

Tyler,  A.  S.  The  library  commission,  the  small  library  and  the  card 
catalog.    A.L.A.  Bulletin,  1908,  2:370-72. 

Van  Valkenburgh,  Agnes.  Common  sense  in  cataloging  small 
libraries.    Library  Journal,  1906,  31^127-29. 

Voge,  A.  L.  Chronological  arrangement  of  subject-cards  in  a  dic- 
tionary catalog.    Library  Journal,  1917,  42:441-43. 

Wilson,  Martha.  School  library  management.  [2d  rev.  ed.]  1920. 
PP-  73-94. 

Some  of  the  Principal  Cataloging  Codes 

Brown,  J.  D.  Library  classification  and  cataloguing.  191 2.  pp. 
100-214. 

Catalog  rules;  author  and  title  entries;  compiled  by  committees  of 
the  American  Library  Association  and  (British)  Library  Asso- 
ciation.    1908. 

Cutter,  C.  A.    Rules  for  a  dictionary  catalog.    4th  ed.     1904. 

Dewey,  Melvil.    Simplified  library  school  rules.    1899. 

Fellows,  J.  D.  Cataloging  rules;  prepared  for  the  course  in  ele- 
mentary cataloging,  N.Y.  State  library  school.  1914.  (New 
edition  in  press.) 


THE  CATALOG  23 

Hitchler,  Theresa.     Cataloging  for  small  libraries.    Rev.  ed.     1915. 
John  Crerar  library,  Chicago.     Cataloguing  rules:  supplementary  to 

the  "Cataloguing  rules  ....  1908,"  and  to  the  supplementary 

cataloguing  rules,  issued  on  cards,  of  the  Library  of  Congress. 

1916. 
Mash,  M.  H.  B.     Cataloguing  codes  [a  comparison  of  the  "Cutter" 

and  "A.L.A.  and  L.A."  rules].     1914. 
Quinn,  J.  H.    Library  cataloguing.     1913. 
U.  S.  Library  of  Congress.    Printed  catalog  rules.     (On  cards.) 
University  of  Wisconsin.    Library  school.     Cataloguing  rules.     191 2. 

(On  cards.) 


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